Food chains, also called food webs, food networks and/or trophic networks, describe the feeding relationships between species to another within an ecosystem. Organisms are connected to the organisms they consume by arrows representing the direction of biomass transfer. Typically a food chain or food web refers to a graph where only connections are recorded, and a food network or ecosystem network refers to a network where the connections are given weights representing the quantity of nutrients or energy being transferred.

Breaking up is hard to do, y'all, especially when you're part of a rich ecosystem of plant and animals that thrive under the frozen surface of the Antarctic sea. Evidence shows that ice plays a major role in the marine ecology by reducing light penetration to the waters beneath.

It's now clear that ice plays a major role in the ecology of shallow Antarctic marine systems, by reducing light penetration to the waters beneath. “If global climate change results in more frequent ice-breakout and reduced ice-cover then these unique protected shallow-water invertebrate communities are likely to be out-competed by algae"

A food-chain fight between red squirrels and spruce trees demonstrates how evolutionary biology can win out over ecology, according to a study conducted in the Yukon.